Morin was born into a Sephardic Jewish family from Thessaloniki, described himself as an atheist, but still. He studied at the Sorbonne, history and geography. Another conclusion was later Jurassic.
During the occupation of France by German and Italian troops during World War Nahoum took over in the face of Nazi collaboration by the Pétain government play an active role in the French Resistance. The resulting life-threatening because he took off his Jewish family names and worked under the pseudonym Morin. This pseudonym was retained and later became known by that name. After the liberation of France from German occupation, he worked in the administration of the French sector of occupied Germany and wrote from the ethnographic sober attitude of participant observation L'an zéro de l'Allemagne ("Zero Hour Germany"), a book by an eyewitness the situation of partially starving German population in the postwar period.
Morin's temporary sympathy for the Communist Party (PCF), which he had joined the Resistance, cooled off after 1949. He was finally expelled from the party. He was a member of the early 50s ou barbarie, a group of left-wing, anti-Communist scouts. [1]
Stéphane Hessel, Edgar Morin, Michael Kogon: Pathways of Hope, Ullstein 2012th
Edgar Morin: The seven foundations of knowledge for the education of the future, Krämer Verlag, Hamburg 2001
George Santayana, Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruíz pseudonym de Santayana y Borrás (1863 - 1952), Spanish philosopher.
Miracles are propitious accidents, the natural causes of which are too complex because you can readily understand. (Introduction to Ethics, Spinoza, quoted in Elena Spagnol, Quotes HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 2003)
The Bible is literature, not dogma. (Introduction to Ethics, Spinoza)
Beauty is a guarantee of the possible conformity between the soul and nature, and therefore a ground of faith in the supremacy of good. (From The sense of beauty)
Music is essentially useless, as life. [1]
Fanaticism consists in redoubling of efforts when he has forgotten the goal. (The Life of Reason, 1905, quoted in David Allen, said, Done!, Sperling & Kupfer, 2006, p. 66. ISBN 9788820041090.)
The world is a perpetual caricature of itself: every moment is the mockery and the contradiction of what pretends to be. [2]
The religious doctrines would do well to withdraw their claims in matters of intervention materials. This not only puts the origin of the conflict between religion and science, and the vain and bitter disputes between sects, but also the cause of impunity and incoherence of religion in the soul, as it seeks sanctions in the sphere of the real and forget that the function that is proper is to express the ideal. (Interpretations of poetry and religion, quoted in MicroMega. To lay a revolt, 2007, p. 98)
Those who can not remember the past are condemned to repeat it. (From The Life of Reason) [3]
Only the dead have seen the end of the war. (From Soliliquies in England, 1924; often attributed erroneously to Plato [4])you can readily understand. (Introduction to Ethics, Spinoza, quoted in Elena Spagnol, Quotes HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 2003)
The Bible is literature, not dogma. (Introduction to Ethics, Spinoza)
Beauty is a guarantee of the possible conformity between the soul and nature, and therefore a ground of faith in the supremacy of good. (From The sense of beauty)
Music is essentially useless, as life. [1]
Fanaticism consists in redoubling of efforts when he has forgotten the goal. (The Life of Reason, 1905, quoted in David Allen, said, Done!, Sperling & Kupfer, 2006, p. 66. ISBN 9788820041090.)
The world is a perpetual caricature of itself: every moment is the mockery and the contradiction of what pretends to be. [2]
The religious doctrines would do well to withdraw their claims in matters of intervention materials. This not only puts the origin of the conflict between religion and science, and the vain and bitter disputes between sects, but also the cause of impunity and incoherence of religion in the soul, as it seeks sanctions in the sphere of the real and forget that the function that is proper is to express the ideal. (Interpretations of poetry and religion, quoted in MicroMega. To lay a revolt, 2007, p. 98)
Those who can not remember the past are condemned to repeat it. (From The Life of Reason) [3]
Only the dead have seen the end of the war. (From Soliliquies in England, 1924; often attributed erroneously to Plato [4])
Arthur Schopenhauer (February 22, 1788 Gdansk - September 21, 1860 Frankfurt am Main) was a German philosopher of the 19th century. He was a preacher and pessimistic philosophy, though in his lifetime remained almost unknown, their convictions based on an irrational world greatly influenced many subsequent thinkers, including Friedrich Nietzsche. Arthur was the son of Gdansk wholesaler. In 1793, five years after his son's birth, his father moved to Hamburg. Ninth to the eleventh year a youth spent in his father's friend Schopenhauer in Le Havre, where he learned French perfectly. Also, later took with her parents the boy on his long journey by Belgium, France, Switzerland and Germany. During his six-month stay in England is thoroughly acquainted with the English language and literature.At sixteen he entered on his father's wishes into teaching at the Hamburg merchant. Father's death, which occurred shortly after mother forced Johanna Schopenhauer, later known writer, who was twenty years younger than her husband, so she moved to Weimar. Here we met a young Schopenhauer such as Goethe, etc. Schlegellovými and appropriated the necessary education to be able to enroll at university.For two years he studied at Göttingen, then as much time in Berlin. In 1813 he graduated from the four works on the root of the sentence of sufficient reason. The subsequent four years he lived in Dresden, where he wrote about the writings and color vision (1816) and even then his major work The World as will and idea (1819).In 1829 he qualified in Berlin, but after an unsuccessful first semester when all students followed the famous Hegel, he withdrew into seclusion. Much traveled (Italy, etc.) When in 1831 he returned back to Berlin, cholera broke out, which succumbed to Hegel, Schopenhauer, he moved to Frankfurt, where he remained until his death in 1860. The world as idea - this sentence begins with Schopenhauer's book. But the first part of Schopenhauer's thesis already know from Kant, that all things are given to us only as phenomena. This continues to Schopenhauer, Kant's doctrine that identifies itself as a gateway to his own philosophy. While it is irrefutable that the world is the idea, but the only way to understand it is still one-sided. According to Kant, metaphysics does not exist. Schopenhauer, however, wonders what he is all wrong assumed that the source of metaphysics must be fundamentally empirical, that its principles in no case may come from external or internal experience. This would not mean that the puzzle of the world can not be found in the world itself. Therefore, we have our main source neumlčovat knowledge, external and internal experience. What is it but the "right place" that must be established?The World as Will - outside the essence of things can not be closer. The result is always just pictures and names. The only place that allows us to enter into the heart of the world, is in ourselves. In the individual. Individual is his own body due to two completely different ways: first, as the concept of intellectual intuition, ie as an object among objects involved in the causal connection of all phenomena ... and also totally different way, namely as what everyone knows and what the word means Will ... (as he writes in his book Welt als Wille und Vorstellung I ie world as will and idea, page 119).Voluntary act and physical action are two different things, causally connected. They are one and the same. Physical action is objectivised act of will, which is accessible to view. The body will objectivised in time and space.Schopenhauer also concludes that the essence of man does not consist in thinking. Consciousness is only the surface of our being (as is the outer surface of the globe). Our conscious thoughts are only surface deep pools. Our courts do not produce clear concatenation of ideas according to logical laws are almost unconscious story, like digestion. The deepest of thoughts we can not give any testimony. Effects will arise.Even memory is only a servant of our will. Will is a burly blind man who carries on his shoulders seeing, but lame. In fact, we are driven back. Drives us unconscious will to live.Will forms the character as well as the human body. Conscious functions need sleep, but will not, after all, what is happening without our knowledge, neumdlévá. But will hiding behind the phenomena of inanimate nature (chemical attraction and repulsion of substances, the gravitational attraction), it is unaware of all the world will. In the realm of life is the strongest manifestation of the will to live reproductive instinct. It even surpasses the individual's death.
Epicure (341 BC - 270 BC), also from Sam or Epikurus Epikur was an important Greek philosopher and atomist ethics, founder epikurejismu. Epicure was born around 341 BC on the Aegean island of Samos, where his father came as a colonist, where he taught and by trading. In fourteen years, said he met with the philosophy and inclined to the direction Démokritovu. At eighteen he went to Athens, where he graduated as ephebes military training and became a citizen and a teacher. After the defeat of the Athenian rebellion against Macedonian Government (323) his father had to flee to near Ephesus, where he was soon followed by Epicure. Around 310 BC, perhaps taught in Mytilene on the island of Lesbos and Lampsaku.In 306 BC in Athens, bought a house with a garden, where he established a school where he and his very numerous pupils lived together. Therefore, it is sometimes called the "philosopher Gardens" (Greek képos). By accepting their communes and husbands, women and slaves, and thence probably come as news of his eccentricities, probably fictitious. Above the entrance to the garden is said to read: "Enter, stranger! You'll be welcoming a host with an abundance of bread and water here, because your application will not irritate, but ukájet. "[1] Epicure died in 270 BC, perhaps in the kidney or gallstones. His garden, although with difficulty, but lasted until 2 century, promoted by such a stoic emperor Marcus Aurelius. Epikúrova philosophy Platonic philosophy is the opposite: it is focused on the sensually perceived world of common experience, rejects the doctrine of ideas and the immortality of the soul and takes the view, sometimes called "hedonism", ie learning, according to which pleasure is the only good. To date, the terms "epicurean" and "epicurean" (English Epicure) mean epicure, gastronome, epicure, who revels in selected food and wine ("epicurean feast"). Like many other old loan words and the use of the word but this is quite far from epicurean philosophy Epicurus himself.It is said for years suffered from stomach problems, and certainly never Gourmet in today's sense. Supposedly only drank water, ate very sparingly, and never lived odříkavým life. (In one of his letter he writes: "I am filled with bodily pleasures, if I live on bread and water, disregard luxury and pleasure, not for themselves but for the inconveniences that accompany them.") In contrast to the philosophy of Plato, Aristotle or the Stoic However, this philosophy is "selfish", focused on the search for personal happiness. With respect to matters of public Epicure believed that a person should try to influence, if he does but fails to withdraw from them and avoid them: "Live hidden" [2]Epicure of Sam - Hellenistic bustEthical philosophy Epikúrova consists mainly in the council to get rid of all fear and sorrow, it is to live moderately, but pleasantly. Epicure regarded pleasure as good, but it also said: If anyone is looking for pleasure too stubborn, there will be sorrow. If a person drinks too, followed the next day headache and stomach. The correct way is to live a pleasant life, without suffering the side effects of such a life. In fact, it is possible to consider Epikúrovu philosophy as a guide not only to obtain pleasure, but also the avoidance of suffering. If someone searches for life on benefits, leading to pain, according to Epicurus lived badly. Only pleasure in the absence of sorrow, it is good.For example, physical, sexual love is bad according to him, it brings fatigue, remorse and melancholy. Other "dynamic" pleasures are greed, fame achieved with public service, drunkenness and marriage. They are all bad, because it is accompanied by suffering: greed leads to nausea, fame can be accompanied by all sorts of difficulties, drinking brings headaches and illness ... As a result, Epicure recognized (and he also led) life, which we now describe as very modest.Friendship, unlike any suffering not accompanied, so it is highly valued Epicure, supported and indeed sought. My friend has a man to sacrifice everything. Epicure is generally considered a psychological hédonika. Apparently he thought that everyone is in their daily lives motivated by an effort to achieve pleasure. Epicure is, however, ethical hédonikem (with some important caveats). Ethical hedonism is the view that people only seek pleasure, but mostly it should seek, since the mere pleasure is good. His views can therefore be seen as a moderate form of ethical and psychological hedonism.[Edit] epicurean metaphysicsEpicureEpicurean standing on materialistic metaphysics or more unitary view Démokritovu. Unlike Démokritovy doctrine of atoms are atoms by Epicurus, however, endowed with a kind of free will and are capable of spontaneous variations (lat. clinamen). Eddies in space and hooks to connect more units, but may deviate from that path. The concept of an indivisible atom as an essential element of the universe by Epicureans adequately explains everything we know about the world. Epikúrova atomistic idea of purposeless universe, part of which are indeed gods who govern man, however, is one of the great metaphysical systems. But it is not in the modern sense of the word "materialistic", ie deterministic, because it assumes postulates and freedom.Every man is free because he ruled by fate and his own life can manage and make decisions about it. Epicure human soul, unlike Plato, did not consider immortal. The gods, according to him the world and human destiny are not interested, one must find meaning in life and fulfill itself. Hence his famous epigram about death: "The seemingly worst of all evils, death, has no importance for us because while we are still here, there is death, and when death occurs, it's not."
Ludwig Feuerbach (July 28, 1804, Landshut, Bavaria - September 13, 1872, Nuremberg) was a German materialist philosopher and anthropologist. Feuerbachův father, Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach Knight, a wealthy German lawyer, indulged his fourth son, a very good education and a son, he thanked exemplary performance of their school duties. Feuerbach studied theology at Heidelberg, but disappointed it came to philosophy. At the University of Berlin came under the influence of Hegel (became Mladohegelovcem), although itself to a longer interview with his predecessor had only one. He graduated from the University of Erlangen and became a lecturer there briefly as well, but after the file Thoughts about death and immortality (Gedanken über Tod und Unsterblichkeit) (1830) had to say goodbye to the academic track. "A nasty smell svobodomyšlenkářstvím, atheism, I might even personified Antichrist," he wrote to his sister. After a dismal period in which Feuerbach alternated various occupations, he married Bertha Loew, daughter of the owner of the castle and porcelain. This brought him in addition to financial security and peace desired to work in seclusion rooms in the castle tower. Here he wrote his most important book, Essence of Christianity (Das Wesen des Christentums) (1841). He was fully aware of the qualities of his work, he felt like "the first, the foremost philosopher of the ejected position philosophizing." His work was appreciated and the public, in the revolutionary year of 1848 enjoyed the glory days, he returned to the company and lectured at Heidelberg University. But he refused to join the revolutionary movement that had seemed avanturistické and immature, and returned to his castle asylum. Political changes, however, with devastating impact on revenues porcelain and eventually had to be declared bankrupt. Feuerbach, who put in the company and his fortune, he found himself broke, moved from the castle to the bustling and creative activities; do not flat near Nuremberg, and there he died in 1872. In their writings the main essence of Christianity (Das Wesen des Christentums), Lectures on the essence of religion (über das Wesen Vorlesungen der Religion) and the Theogony Feuerbach attempted a broad-based psychology of religion. Feuerbach's philosophy for the first time in the history of atheism thought out with all the consequences, he refused all transcendent and focused on man as the subject of philosophy. One by Feuerbach religion is reflected in his desire, perfection of their nature, the ideal man (which, however, exists only in the human species), thus creating the image of God. All the features that a person considers good attributes to God. Conversely, any property for which the self is not proud, attributes the human race as a whole (which removes personal responsibility). Man loves and sees love as something valuable, because God is love, the man considered to be valuable and suffering, kindness, and even his own existence, because God suffers, and so gracious is also there - there indefinitely. A man invented God, according to Feuerbach, to feed his ego, his desire for eternal bliss and happiness, but already can not satisfy its own power - then it will fulfill by God. When a man embellished his best attributes of God, felt the weight of his own smallness and finality. This was particularly apparent contradiction in Christianity, which regards God as a purely spiritual being, and look to him, not only distract from the bad but also good sites from the earthly world. Feuerbach says that philosophy is there to take over the tasks of theology and turned his gaze on the man, the man is real and not an idealized man-God. According to Feuerbach's philosophy merges with anthropology and physiology in a universal science. The new religion of humanity will be based on morality. Feuerbach sees the ideal man in the country village, where would man merged harmoniously egoism with altruism, as Feuerbach says, with communism. The well established Feuerbach Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Anna Comnenus, Greek Ἄννα Κομνηνή, (December 2, 1083 Constantinople - about 1154) was a historian, the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus and Irene Dukaiovny.
Anna was the first daughter of the imperial couple's seven children and was married to General Nicephorus Bryennia (1062-1137), who is also devoted to history. After her husband's death, the princess began to write his well-educated work Alexiadou, epic panegyric on his deceased father. To capitalize on its rich educational opportunity and access to state archives.
Preserved as a mirror of events turn of the 11th and 12 century in the Byzantine empire, and among other things, a description of the events preceding the emergence of the Crusades, but the first crusade alone.
Anna was the first daughter of the imperial couple's seven children and was married to General Nicephorus Bryennia (1062-1137), who is also devoted to history. After her husband's death, the princess began to write his well-educated work Alexiadou, epic panegyric on his deceased father. To capitalize on its rich educational opportunity and access to state archives.
Preserved as a mirror of events turn of the 11th and 12 century in the Byzantine empire, and among other things, a description of the events preceding the emergence of the Crusades, but the first crusade alone.
William Shakespeare (baptized April 26, 1564 - died April 23, 1616) was an English poet and dramatist, a key figure of European drama. It is usually considered to be the English national poet or bard. Survives him credited 37 plays, 154 sonnets, two long epic poems, and several other works. His plays have been translated into all major languages. In addition to creating dramas and comedies, he devoted himself to acting. William Shakespeare was born and raised in the town of Stratford-upon-Avon. He was the son of John Shakespeare, a successful glover and later councilor of Stratford, originating from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of a wealthy landowner. [1] The family lived in Stratford in Henley Street. Shakespeare was born in Stratford and was baptized 26th dubna the 1564th For his date of birth is considered by some authors 23rd April, St. George's Day. This date may not be true, however, is attributed to one of 18 researchers century, which is probably wrong. Shakespeare was born the third child of eight and was the eldest son, who survived into adulthood.Although this period no records survived, most biographers believe that Shakespeare attended in his hometown high school (King Edward VI Grammar School) founded in 1553. [2] During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. The school had a different quality, but in outline England determined by law and schools should provide intensive teaching of Latin and classical art.In 18 years, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway 26 years. Permission to marry issued diocese ecclesiastical court in Worcester on 27 listopadu the 1582nd The ceremony was probably prepared in a hurry, because the chancellor of the diocese failed to read the banns three times instead of once, as was customary. This hasty marriage could be pregnant Anne, for six months after the daughter Susanna, who was baptized 26th května 1583rd Two other children were twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, who was born less than two years later and was christened on 2 února the 1585th However, Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of eleven years, which may have noted Shakespeare's works. Hamnetův funeral was held on 11 srpna the 1596thAfter the birth of twins Hamnet and Judith followed by a period, of which about Shakespeare has virtually no verified information. In the literature, this period of Shakespeare's life between 1585 and 1592 called "lost years". His biographers try to explain this period many conflicting stories. Nicholas Rowe, the first dealing with the biographer of Shakespeare, [3] described in 1709 about stratfordskou story according to which Shakespeare fled to London from Stratford to avoid prosecution for alleged poaching. According to another story in the 18th sepsaného century Shakespeare began his theatrical career in London looking after horses guests theater. John Aubrey claimed that Shakespeare was a teacher in the country. Several scientists in the 20th century came with the theory that Shakespeare could be employed as a teacher of the Alexander Hoghtonem Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. In addition to tales collected after his death, there is no evidence to podkládal these stories. Shakespeare was already in his lifetime major playwright and poet, was then reportedly known even in the Czech Republic. [4] The first Czech translation (adaptation) Shakespeare's works was in 1786 thanks to Karel Ignatius Thame, who translated Macbeth. [5] World his work gained fame in the 18th century, thanks to the French, Italian and German translations. Even today, his plays are very popular and are still played around the world.It is not known exactly when Shakespeare came to London and when there began his theatrical career. His life has been preserved, and little information has been invoked much speculation, even the true authorship of his plays. It is not known nor exactly when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary references and records of performances show that several of his plays were on the London scene since 1592. Then came criticism uttered by playwright Robert Greene, located in the printed matter published after his death: [6]
... There is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, That with HIS Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as well Able to bombast out a blank verse as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in HIS own Conceit the only Shake-scene in a country.Literary scholars differ widely in opinion, what was the precise meaning of words as Green, but most agree that Greene blamed Shakespeare's desire to be considered the author of the same level as writers with a university education, which were such as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe and himself Greene. The phrase written in italics parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" in the play called The True Tragedy of Richard, Duke of York, & c, that Shakespeare took in his play Henry VI., The third part. [7] This phrase , along with the pun "Shake-scene", is considered evidence that the allusions to Shakespeare Green.Green's attack is the first mention of Shakespeare's theatrical career. His biographers argue that his career could start at any time since the mid eighties of the 16th century to mention Green. From 1593 to 1594 was the London theaters closed because of plague, and when Shakespeare wrote poetry under the protection of Count Southamptonského. After the epidemic became a member of the new theater company servants of the Lord Chamberlain (Lord Chamberlain's Men), where he worked as an actor and playwright. Soon to become a leading dramatic companies of London. After the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603 the Group obtained a royal privilege from the New King James I and the company name was changed to the Royal Society (King's Men). [8], [source?]Most plays attributed to him Shakespeare wrote about in the years 1590-1604. At first he wrote mainly comedies, historical plays later, which were genres that Shakespeare emphasized to the top of the former art. From 1598 were published in quick succession, mostly in print his tragedy, including the famous plays such as Hamlet, King Lear and Macbeth. However, in the year 1623, seven years after the death of William Shakespeare of Stratford, released two of his theatrical friends with financial and moral support for relatives of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, called the First Folio collection of Shakespeare's famous plays, including over 20 works until then unpublished.In 1599, the company Lord Chamberlain's Men moved to the Globe Theatre and Shakespeare became the owner of one tenth. [9] This led to significantly better secured - had reportedly received a game about 6 pounds. When in 1613 the Globe Theatre burned down, the company moved to Blackfriars theater.Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in 1594 in book editions. When in 1598 his name and gained a considerable reputation began to appear on the front pages of games release, mostly under the form of the name "Shake-Speare," as well as famous sonnets in the first edition of 1609. At her death in 1616 was appointed to the Shakespeare edition of the works of Ben Jonson in the list of performers of his plays Every Man in His Humour, and Sejanus, His Fall. The absence of his name in the list of performers in 1605 in Jonsonově play Volpone, according to some researchers, indicate that his acting career when approaching an end. Although the First Folio of Shakespeare in 1623 named as one of the main performers during performances of plays, some of Shakespeare's plays first played up the drama Jonsonově Volpone. So we can not determine exactly which roles Shakespeare played. In 1610 John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "royal" role. In 1709, Rowe is believed that Shakespeare played the ghost of Hamlet's father. In a later opinion also played Adam in the play As You Like It. Researchers have some doubts about the correctness of this information.Shakespeare lived during his career in London and Stratford. In 1596, the year before it bought New Place, a new home for his family in Stratford, Shakespeare lived in the parish of St. Helen in Bishopsgate Street, north of the Thames. In 1599 he moved across the river in Southwark. At that time, his company built the Globe Theatre. In 1604 he moved back to the north bank of the river. There he rented an apartment from the French Huguenots on behalf of Christopher Mountjoy, who was the manufacturer of ladies' wigs and other headwear.According to Shakespeare's purchases and investments, we can conclude that it became quite a rich man. Already in 1597 bought the second largest house in Stratford, called New Place, in 1613 and has survived his contract with two signatures to buy a house in Blackfriars London suburb. Shakespeare's drama has ended around 1613 and he returned for his wife and daughters to his native town, where he remained until his death. After years of 1606-1607 Shakespeare wrote, according to some researchers, few of their games and no play written in 1613 after he is no longer credited. The last three games attributed to him did not write about himself, worked on them, probably with John Fletcher. Probably already in 1613 he returned to his native town. Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer, who said that Shakespeare was a few years before his death, he went back to Stratford. [10] However, Shakespeare still occasionally visited London. In April 1613 purchased a guard house at the Priory Blackfriarském in November 1614 he spent several weeks in London with his son in law John Hall.Shakespeare's graveIt is known that Shakespeare's elder daughter Susanna in 1607 married a physician John Hall. The younger daughter Judith, who never learned to read and write, two months before Shakespeare's death, she married Thomas Quineyho, wine merchant.Shakespeare died on 23 dubna the 1616th In his will he left his older daughter Susanna considerable amount of property. The condition was that it passed intact to his first son. Shakespeare's wife, in the literature usually called Anne Hathaway, is preserved in his testament mentioned only as an heir to the "second best bed." Mrs Hall had only one child, daughter Elizabeth, who married twice but died childless in 1670. Quineyovi had three children but all died without descendants. So in 1670, Shakespeare's family perished.Shakespeare was buried before the altar in the Church "Holy Trinity Church" in Stratford two days after death. Perhaps before the year 1623 was taken on his monument, on which Shakespeare probably was later depicted in a gesture of writing. A plaque on it it compares with the figure of Greek mythology, Nestor, Socrates the philosopher and the poet Virgil, so no time is known by the famous playwright. Shakespeare is devoted to many other monuments around the world.
Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (Борис Леонидович Пастернак, February 10, 1890, Moscow - 30 May 1960) was a Russian poet and writer, Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958. Born into an artistic family of Jewish origin. His mother, Rosalia Isidorovna Pasternak (nee Kaufman) and his father was a pianist Leonid Pasternak Osipovič academic performer on Petěrburgské Academy of Arts. Boris Pasternak had two sisters and brother. Frequent guests Pasternakových parents were various Russian artists, among the most famous example was Leo Tolstoy.
In 1908 finished high school and continued studying law at Moscow University, he studied briefly in 1912 in Marburg, Germany. For the novel Doctor Zhivago was expelled from the Writers' Union, threatened to remove his Soviet citizenship and expelled to Siberia. In his defense performed the world's intelligence. In 1958 received the Nobel Prize, which is under pressure from Soviet authorities recanted after he took her phone. The award took over after his death his son Yevgeny.
He was buried at Moscow in the writer's town - Peredelkině, where he lived in the second half of life. His funeral became a demonstration of love and respect for freedom of creation.
Eyquem Michel de Montaigne (February 28, 1533 - September 23, 1592) was a French Renaissance thinker, humanist, skeptic. Gave rise to a new literary genre - the essay. Born on 28th February 1533 at the castle in Périgord Montaigne as the third son of a wealthy merchant and winemaker. He gaskoňským nobleman, who came from the environment nobilizovaných (promoted to the peerage) traders. Montaigne's father Pierre de Montaigne Eyquiem held various positions in the Bordeaux parliament and became the mayor of the city. Mother Antoinette de Louppes came from a family of Spanish traders, who fled the Inquisition in France.Jelikož father wanted to create a strong character of his son, sent him at birth to the village of hewers who Papessus mezi. Montaigne also received the care of his father, also an excellent classical education. From childhood to care for him a German educator, who spoke with him only in Latin. Thanks to that later dominated the Latin Montaigne as well as their mother tongue. The knowledge gained can then home education extends to the track in Bordeaux, where he studied 6 to 13 years. Whether had the opportunity to study at one of jihofrancouzských universities, are not reliable svědectví.1 But his knowledge of ancient and contemporary scientific and philosophical literature, we can deduce the constant self-education and sustained reading. However, Montaigne never become a professional scientist, philosopher or theologian. And although during his lifetime he held many public offices (1581 and 1584 was even elected mayor of Bordeaux), he claimed that his political activities not attach any special significance.In 1558, then builds a friendship with La Boétie de Etienem. Although their acquaintance lasted only five years, Etien died in 1563, but recalled him to Montaigne's life. In 1565 he married Francoise de La Chassaigne, which of course was not too excited. Total of marriage came five daughters, but only one lived longer than Montaigne. After having passed away in 1568 his father, Montaigne inherited great wealth and moved the family castle. Eager to spend the rest of his life quietly, have fun reading. For this purpose, he rebuilt the third floor of the tower of his castle to his office, where he set up an extensive library and the walls of the tower gave cover quotes ancient authors. In 1572 there starts work on the first book of essays. On this his work will then Michel de Montaigne to work virtually until his death. Montaigne is opposed to this book then education, which primarily represented the university, where he learned the Latin language dominated. Raises objections to this "official" philosophy of the university, which already lacks any relationship to life and dropped to the level of empty verbal conflict. In this state primarily blames the government and authority of tradition in philosophy, Aristotle is the god of science and scholastic doubt his teaching is blasphemy. Such a philosophy that is based only on commonly agreed views, according to Montaigne can not lay claim to the truth. True philosophy requires a free and impartial view of the world. His attitude reflects no choice of language books. The essays are written in French "the language of the Paris marketplace" rather than Latin. Montaigne here does not create a comprehensive overview of his ideas and philosophy, there is no plan or logical sequence. It is the discretion of the world, about life, about man, and especially about himself all Montaignových samém.2 object of reflection and thought he's mainly because "everyone carries a form of human destiny." The basis of his philosophical reasoning is skepticism , characteristic of the Renaissance epoch. It was defined from the start against scholastickému aristotelismu and showed the need to revise and rationally verify all scholastic theses that were accepted as indisputable principles. Therefore, for Montaigne is not a general recognition of the evidence. If a truth generally acknowledged, yet not so true, but on the contrary, precisely because rational subject kontrole.4 And just to build the original scholarship confident knowing, as a prerequisite for rational knowledge. From the oppression of non-critical thought, we can free the only way to admit his ignorance. That his position is very similar to Nicholas of Cusa learned ignorance, but the missing element in Montaigne's intuition. That does not mean that Montaigne was the only skeptic. He was influenced by various beliefs and philosophical schools of different periods and eras. Montaigne teaches only ancient truths, is actually totally alien and almost every single thought is found in ancient philosophy and Christianity. And yet the whole original what they have chosen and how it said in a certain social podmínkách.5 Likewise, we can look at Montaigne as the Epicureans, which prompts us to unnecessarily restrict in any way and are not afraid to enjoy the pleasures that life on earth offers. But just so we can understand as Montaigne Stoika. In this spirit, stoic in their essays, for example, expresses death. "And consequently, if death scares us, it becomes a source of constant torment against which the drug is not." 6 He who wants to get rid of the fear of death, it must keep in mind. He said it is foolish to not talk about death, not to think about it, trying to reduce it by various euphemisms. Because then when death comes, the shock of it all the more. Therefore we have to deal with this phenomenon by other means. "Relieving him of his strangeness, let us him, tame him, do not have anything in mind as often as death." 7 It is therefore advisable to enjoy life, giving you only those targets for which I can see the end of his endeavors. Death is nothing terrible to Montaigne, it is not live, because still alive and not dead already, because he's dead. According to court Montaignova So no point in doing all my life to worry about something that ultimately lasts only briefly. Also, a man who lived his life well the fear of death will be less. "If you greatly enjoyed life, you can be satisfied and leave SYT. If you are unable to use it, not if you any good, what will it matter if you lose it, what do you want him? "8 the same stoic terms of value, Montaigne and suicide. He admits that it was lawful, but only in certain cases. "Me personally, it seems that nejomluvitelnějšími motives of suicide is unbearable pain and a certainty, even worse death." 9 On the contrary, suicide, through which one tries to escape problems rather than face them manfully, considered as cowardice. For each knowledge base Montaigne considers sensory experience. But it also gives the unreliability of sensory data and large variability. In the spirit of ancient skepticism also lists a number of reasons against the certainty of sensory knowledge. This opinion does not indicate a retreat from knowledge or agnosticism. Denial of the doubt and did not apply to all knowledge, but knowledge as a result. Perfect, absolute, complete knowledge neexistuje.10 There is therefore no denial of knowledge as such, but what is rejected, it is our belief in the omniscience. Our knowledge can not be at the moment other than the relative. As an example the Copernican world view, which refuted the geocentric ideas that prevailed for millennia, and himself, says: "And who knows if a third opinion does not disprove the previous two thousand years?" 11 Man is therefore able to learn things and have certain knowledge, but this knowledge must never be considered final and absolute, but must always bear in mind the relativity and thus its variability. Knowledge is for Montaigne continuous process without a fixed path and without end.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (30. ledna 1882 – 12. dubna 1945) byl americký politik a 32. prezident USA v letech 1933–1945. Zastával svůj úřad nejdéle ze všech amerických prezidentů a byl jediným, který byl zvolen do svého úřadu více než dvakrát (zvolen byl čtyřikrát). Patří mezi nejdůležitější osobnosti historie 20. století. Roosevelt roku 1904 absolvoval Harvard, poté vystudoval právo na Kolumbijské univerzitě (1908). Roku 1910 se stal senátorem ve státě New York. Roku 1912 se stal náměstkem na ministerstvu námořnictva, kde působil do roku 1920, kdy neúspěšně kandidoval na funkci viceprezidenta. Ve svých třiadvaceti letech se oženil se svou sestřenicí Eleonorou.
V roce 1921 onemocněl obrnou, částečně ochrnul a od té doby někdy používal kolečkové křeslo. V roce 1928 se stal guvernérem státu New York, zde zahájil své úspěšné tažení proti korupci. Roku 1932 se stal demokratickým kandidátem na prezidenta, v této době vyhlásil plán New Deal (nový úděl). Dne 15. února na něj Giuseppe Zangara spáchal atentát, při kterém sice nebyl prezident zraněn, ale zemřel při něm starosta Chicaga Antonín Čermák. Po složení přísahy amerického prezidenta dne (4. března 1933) pronesl historický rozhlasový projev, v němž požádal Američany o důvěru. Tento jeho projev byl mimořádně dobrý a silný, předznamenal tak začátek obratu z krize. Roosevelt pronášel podobné projevy pravidelně i později, vžil se pro ně název rozhovory od krbu.
V roce 1934 se jeho administrativa na okamžik ocitla v ohrožení, když naplánovala skupina bohatých průmyslníků vojenský převrat (tzv. Bussiness Plot) s cílem svrhnout Rooseveltovu vládu.[1] Pro uskutečnění hledali konspirátoři důvěru u generálmajora Smedleyho Butlera – ten však jejich plán zhatil a o převratu svědčil před Kongresem Spojených států.[2]
Na přelomu roku 1936/1937, kdy vypukla ve Flintu státě Michigan stávka dělníků vyrábějících automobily, a viceprezident John Garner po několika potyčkách dělníků s policií připravoval intervenci, Roosevelt tuto intervenci zamítl a postavil se na stranu dělníků. Stávka přesáhla lokálního významu, přivedla ve velkém dělníky tohoto průmyslu do odborů, v konečném výsledku zlepšila jejich úroveň a přihrála Rooseveltovi politické body.
Po začátku druhé světové války začal podporovat západní spojence, především Velkou Británii a Francii, v jejich boji proti nacistickému Německu. Prodal např. Velké Británii 50 torpédoborců za základny na ostrovech ve Východní Indii. Prosadil také zákon o půjčce a pronájmu. Po napadení USA Japonskem v Pearl Harboru začal vést aktivně válku proti zemím Osy (Německo, Itálie a Japonsko), přičemž jeho prioritou byla válka v Evropě.
Zúčastnil se konferencí Velké Trojky (Winston S. Churchill, Josif V. Stalin a Franklin D. Roosevelt) v Teheránu a na Jaltské konferenci. Měl velkou zásluhu na dobrých vztazích západních spojenců s komunistickým stalinistickým Ruskem. Během jeho poslední volební kampaně v roce 1944 byl již jeho zdravotní stav velmi špatný. Celkové fyzické vyčerpání doprovázely také psychické potíže v podobě depresí a projevy arteriosklerózy. Roosevelt dle očekávání ve volbách zvítězil a 20.1.1945 byl slavnostně uveden do úřadu. Tehdy však již jen minimálně vnímal své okolí, projevoval se u něj nápadný třes rukou a často byl duchem zcela nepřítomen. V tomto katastrofálním zdravotním stavu odcestoval na Jaltskou konferenci. Na neblahém výsledku této konference se zcela jistě podepsal právě i jeho zdravotní stav a Roosvelt byl po návratu do USA napadán tiskem i veřejností za to, že západní mocnosti v jednáních tolik ustupovaly Sovětskému svazu.
Krátce po svém posledním výročním projevu národu z 11. ledna 1944 (kvůli zhoršenému zdravotnímu stavu – tehdy se zotavoval z rýmy – jej četl pro rádio) přečetl jím vypracovaný návrh nazývaný jako Druhá listina práv (en:Second Bill of Rights), která nad stávající základní práva zaručovala právo každého Američana na: práci s životaschopným platovým ohodnocením, domov, zdravotní péči, ekonomickou ochranu (penzi) během nemoci, úrazu, nezaměstnání a užívání starobního důchodu, a právo na vzdělání a odpočinek. Roosevelt netrval na zanesení těchto práv do Ústavy, ale na její postupné politické implementaci. Ke Druhé listině práv později, v roce 1979, referoval též český profesor Karel Vašák jako ke druhé ze tří generací lidských práv. Rooseveltův projev byl zaznamenán na film, ale mělo se za to, že se ztratil. Byl nalezen až v roce 2008 dokumentaristou Michaelem Moorem a použit v jeho filmu O kapitalismu s láskou. Prezident zemřel nedlouho po návratu z této konference 12. dubna 1945 na mrtvici, když malířka kreslila jeho portrét. Zemřel ve vrcholný okamžik války, kdy se zhroucení hitlerovského Německa očekávalo každou chvíli. Byl to jeden z významných amerických prezidentů a jeden z nejuznávanějších světových státníků.
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874 Blenheim Castle, Woodstock - January 24, 1965 London) was a British politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940-1945 and 1951-1955. Also, writer (Nobel Prize for Literature 1953), historian, journalist, soldier and legislator. It is considered one of the leading statesmen of the 20th century.Churchill's full name was Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, but following the example of his father, Lord Randolph Churchill in public life only used the surname Churchill. His books are based on the name of Winston S. Churchill and Winston Spencer Churchill, as the name of Winston Churchill is already published by other authors. Born on 30 November 1874 at Blenheim Castle in Woodstock in Oxfordshire as a grandson of the 7th Duke of Marlborough. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was an important politician who led the British Conservatives out of the crisis in the eighties of the 19th century. His mother, Lady Jeanette Churchill (née Jeanette Jerome) was the daughter of American businessman Leonard Jerome. None of the parents did not establish Winston's special affection or love, although Winston Churchill as a child he adored his mother.Young Winston took seven years at an elite school Wed James. There are, however, showed very poor results and was even considered to be stupid. Perhaps it was a mental breakdown, that over time it sklátila very strong fever and pneumonia - a disease that once accompanied him all his life. Wrestling with the disease but eventually won. Due to his medical condition his doctor recommended transfer to a school in Brighton, which was located by the sea, and allowed Winston to recover from an illness. After graduating in Brighton passed entrance exams to college in Harrow (then outside London). His dream, however, was to get to a military academy. That he succeeded in 1893 and at the third attempt became a military cadet at the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst. Here he led successfully. After two years, finished eighth in the order of about one hundred boys in his class. As a young lieutenant in 1895 he traveled to Cuba, where he worked as a war correspondent and a military observer at the General Staff of Valdez. In order to maintain good international relations, but his articles were often not published, because they very sympathetic with the rebels who fought against Spanish domination. During his continued work in the army first took part in 1897, fighting in the West Indies against the nomadic tribes and Áfaridů Orakzáíů under General Bindon Blood. Several battles came out unscathed, although carried out by his superiors crazy things like ride very close to the swarm. In 1898 as a member Kitchenerovy expedition in Egypt participated in the fighting at Omdurman (Ummdurmánu). I fought here on the exposed areas, where several of his fallen friends close, but he himself did the fight with dervishes went unscathed. In the event of war he moonlighted as a war correspondent, and this time it first appeared in a literary talent. He managed to write is his first book. For the son of a prominent policy was not surprising that he tried to enforce the policy. During the 90 years gave several public speeches at meetings of the Conservatives in 1899 and first tried to enter politics when he ran for the House of Commons. It was in Oldham, where a conservative candidate and lost. Already at this age, but not upset him speak, and his symptoms were recognized, although not elected. In October 1899 broke out in South Africa, Boer War and Winston Churchill started to act as correspondent of the Morning Post. During the Boer ambush of British armored train was captured and imprisoned. From prison in Pretoria, he managed to escape and secretly run 500 km by train to and from Mozambique, the Portuguese then the British controlled territory. This adventure made him for a time a national hero and was even nominated for the Victoria Cross medals, but Horatio Kitchener vetoed this proposal. Another advantage of the reactivation of a soldier, and the accession into active service.After Britain has achieved some successes, took place in October 1900, new elections, in which Churchill ran again and again in Oldham constituency. He did not hesitate to use its popular war hero, and finally sat in the House of Commons in the Conservative benches. In March the following year made his first speech. This began his successful political career during which he was a member between 1900-1922 and 1924-1964 House of Commons. In 1904 the Conservative Party got out and walked over to the Liberals because they disagreed with the conservative politics of protectionist tariffs. In 1906 the Liberals won the general election and a year later, Churchill joined the deputy minister of colonies. At this time Churchill also became acquainted with a lawyer of Wales David Lloyd George, who had become his future political partner. In 1908 he was appointed minister of trade, aggravated the position worked closely with Lloyd George, the new state treasurer (Chancellor of the Exchequer). In 1910 he was appointed Minister of the Interior, where his work was rated as somewhat controversial. A famous photograph from that time shows Churchill personally participating in the siege of Sidney Street. Has largely been criticized its decision not to call firefighters after he besieged the building began to burn. Before anarchists and was built to either surrender or die.The famous photograph of Sidney Street, head in the ring include Winston ChurchillIn 1911 he became the first Lord of the Admiralty - Secretary of the Navy. He participated in efforts to reform the British fleet. He established the Admiralty staff, asserted change the drive ships from coal to oil, etc. Churchill anticipated the possibility of conflict with Germany since the Agadir crisis and the government submitted a memorandum "Problems of continental warfare." He participated in military operations in Antwerp. Before World War I strongly advocated that Britain had superiority at sea. He was one of the main creators of the concept of landing at Gallipoli Dardanelách which ultimately meant in the First World War, his downfall. Turkey, an ally of Germany and Austria-Hungary, was relatively weak. Its main city of Constantinople (Constantinople) lay the sea, exposed to the intervention of naval power, having the upper hand. If they fell, one would expect to surrender the whole of Turkey. That would amount to establishing a secure connection with Russia, which could be sent transports weapons. Serbia is still being held, Bulgaria was an ally of the Triple Alliance and the fall of Constantinople would give them the necessary impetus. However, something like this would require coordination of naval and land forces - complex warfare.The then Minister of War, Kitchener (already mentioned led an expedition to the Sudan, which also participated in the Churchill) but not the plan trust. 18th March 1915 managed to cripple the fleet strength Dardanelách. It was necessary to immediately start with the invasion, but the order came to be waiting on the army. She was 25, while planted in April and established a bridgehead, but he continued to get longer, because the Turks are still consolidate. Their reinforcements arrived in mid-May it was clear that Churchill's plan fell (see also Battle of Gallipoli). Result, only a trench war in faraway Turkey, or to withdraw. Army and Navy finally withdrew, Churchill resigned chief Admiral Fisher and the UK government is threatening to turn into a crisis. It all happened because of indecision, however, the then government, which did not give Churchill a free hand. The government's crisis peaked. Conservatives gave the government of Prime Minister Asquith ultimatum - either the coalition or a vote of confidence. The Prime Minister agreed with the coalition, which meant among other things, the resignation of Churchill, which was unbearable for the Conservatives, both as a traitor, and secondly because of the unsuccessful operation Dardanelách. He was recalled on the 18th May 1915.In November 1915 he also went from the office of Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and got reactivated as an officer in the rank of Major in the army. He traveled to France, where he was later promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. Already in May 1916, but Churchill returned to the House of Commons when Prime Minister Asquith government fell and got the lead, David Lloyd George. But even that Churchill could not enforce the government because the Conservatives, led by Bonar Lawem to defend it. In 1917 the United States entered the war, the heaviest submarine war was raging, fighting broke out in France, but nothing of it, Churchill did not participate.To 16 July 1917 a new Prime Minister Churchill called the government and offered to either the Ministry for the production of war material or newly created Ministry of Aviation. Churchill chose the ministry for the production of war material and the following day his appointment was published.In the years 1917-1922 Churchill held important offices again. In the period after the October Revolution in Russia promoted the greatest hit of intervention troops (hard, that Bolshevism "must be choked in the cradle") and concluding a separate peace. In 1918 Britain took place in the new elections and Lloyd George won again. This time, Churchill became minister of war (he held this office since mid-January 1919) and in 1921 was appointed minister of the colonies and in this capacity was also one of the signatories of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921, which gave birth to the Republic of Ireland. In 1922 began the economic crisis and the crisis finds itself due to internal disputes and the Liberal Party. In this atmosphere of Lloyd George's government fell, and new elections lost. Churchill came to a place not only minister, but because he lost in his district in Dundee, as well as place as members of parliament (and coincidentally at the same time also the appendix). At that time he met with Russian revolutionary Boris Savinkovem. In his book Great Contemporaries of Savinkovovi wrote: "The man has knowledge of a statesman, properties master, courage and patience of the martyr heroes. All his life he spent a conspiracy."In 1923 he again ran unsuccessfully for the Liberals in Leicester. In 1924 he was elected in Epping as "konstitualista" has the support of the Conservative Party and in November took the chair of the Minister of Finance, where he remained five years. In 1925 he again became a member of the Conservative Party. At that time there was in Britain to two significant events. This year is returned to the gold standard, and a year later a general strike broke out. Background is clear. Return to the gold standard meant revaluations of the pound sterling, which had disastrous consequences for the British export policy. As a result, there was a sharp decline in wages and a general strike. This unfortunate step (which later Churchill described as the worst decision of his career) even commented Maynard Keynes in The Economic Consequences trial of Mr. Churchill. In 1929 the Conservative government fell and Churchill went to the Shadow Cabinet. From Churchill retired in 1930 because he disagreed with the policy of concessions to India. When the Conservatives won in 1931 elections, did not offer him no place in government and remained only an ordinary member. He lived at his country house at Chartwell in Kent. At that time he became known mainly because of his speeches in Parliament, friendly opponents in government policy towards India and its efforts to gain independence. Not address when it was established in Britain by the Ministry for Coordination of Defence in 1936. Did not get to it even in 1937, when he and Prime Minister Baldwin became Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.From this exchange on the post of prime minister was evident in certain British foreign policy change. Baldwin avoided meeting with Hitler, Neville Chamberlain while he sent to him in the autumn of 1937 his later foreign minister, Lord Halifax, that he learned more about Hitler's aims. Churchill became the leader of opposition in the government side. In proportion to how much Germany has grown and grown Churchill's resistance.
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